HSK 3.0 Level 7-9 Topics&Grammars Outline (HSK 3.0 Level 7-9话题与语法大纲)

HSK Level 7-9 Topics Outline

Primary topic	Secondary topic	Tertiary topic
Individual & Society	Interpersonal Communication	Interpersonal Relationships
		Concepts and Evaluations of Character in Chinese Interpersonal Interactions
	Image & Attire	Image Conforming to Etiquette in Different Cultures and Occasions
		Clothing Coordination & Styles
		Characteristics and Aesthetics of Chinese-Style Clothing
	Diet & Dining	Representative Chinese Dietary Concepts, Cooking Methods
		Diverse Regional Dietary Features
		Characteristics and Representative Varieties of Various Dining Formats
		Chinese Table Culture and its Meanings
	Architecture & Community	Architecture and Community Culture
		Planning and Construction of Community Spaces and Facilities
		Architectural Function Design and Construction
		Housing Purchase/Sale and Rental
	Leisure & Entertainment	Travel and Vacation
		Sports and Fitness
		Cultural Entertainment
		Shopping and Leisure
	Academic Studies & Career	Specialized Learning
		Academic Development and Career Planning
		Career Development
	Population & Development	Population Mobility and Management
		Aging Population
		Population Development
	Educational Development	Education Policies
		Higher Education System
		High-Quality Educational Development
	Media & Communication	Formal and Informal Expression
		Media and Information Dissemination
		Digital Media Literacy
		Knowledge Sharing and Copyright Protection
	Health & Medicine	Disease Diagnosis/Treatment and Public Health
		Mental Health and Psychotherapy
		Medical Technology Innovation and Ethics
		Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine
	Transportation	Transportation System Construction and Impact
		Characteristics and Development Trends of Various Transport Modes
		Urban Transportation System Planning and Development
	Economy & Production	Macroeconomy
		Industrial Development
		Agricultural, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, and Fishery Production
		Industrial Production
		Financial Services and Trade
		Enterprise Operations
	Legal System & Public Security	Legal System Development
		Public Security Management
	Social Public Administration	Social Security
		Labor and Employment
		Public Infrastructure Construction
		Social Public Organizations
		Grassroots Social Governance
		Traditional Chinese Cultural Imagery and its Expression in Various Literary and Artistic Forms
Culture & Tradition	Literature & Arts	Characteristics and Appreciation of Different Literary Forms
		Characteristics and Appreciation of Different Art Forms
	History	Basic Thread of Chinese Historical Development
		Major Chinese Historical Events and Historical Figures
	Philosophical Thought	Main Ideas of Confucianism, Representative Figures, and Influence
		Main Ideas of Daoism, Representative Figures, and Influence
	Customs & Etiquette	Customs of Lunar Calendar Seasons and Solar Terms
		Festival Customs
		Wedding Customs
		Birthday Customs
		Funeral Customs
	Cultural Heritage	Important Chinese Material Cultural Heritage of Humanity and its Influence
		Important Chinese Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity and its Influence
		Cultural Heritage Protection, Inheritance, and Promotion
Nature & Environment	Cosmic Environment	Origin and Evolution of the Universe
		Structure and Matter of the Universe
		Human Space Exploration and Discovery
	Geological Environment	Earth's Structure
		Characteristics of Landforms, Terrain, and Geomorphology
		Impact of Landforms and Terrain on Economy and Human Activities
		Mineral Resources
	Atmospheric Environment	Different Climate Types
		Climate Change
		Atmospheric Monitoring
	Water Environment	Distribution and Utilization of Water Resources
		Water Ecology Protection and Sustainable Development
	Land Environment	Distribution and Utilization of Land Resources
		Land Resource Protection and Sustainable Development
	Biological Environment	Distribution Characteristics and Utilization of Biological Resources
		Biological Resource Protection and Sustainable Development
Science & Technology	Information Science & Technology	Computer Science
		Network Communication Technology
		Big Data and Data Analysis
		Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
	Aerospace Science & Technology	Aerospace Science and Technology
		Aerospace Technology Applications
	Biological Science & Technology	Biotechnology and Agriculture
		Biotechnology and Environmental Protection
		Biotechnology and Medicine
	Other Emerging Sciences & Technologies	Advanced Materials and Manufacturing
		Renewable Energy Technology
5 Topics in Total	29 Topics in Total	92 Topics in Total

HSK Level 7-9 Tasks Outline

Daily Life and Social Scenarios：

I. Exchanging and Discussing Personal Information and Life Perspectives

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions or commentaries about personal study, work, and life experiences and future plans, as well as aspects such as personality, hobbies, interpersonal relationships, fashion awareness, aesthetic tendencies, and values. For example, can read a relatively complex social letter and infer the sender's social background information and implied purpose.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, personal study, work, and life experiences and future plans, as well as personality, hobbies, interpersonal relationships, fashion awareness, aesthetic tendencies, and values, appropriately conveying one's own emotions and attitudinal tendencies; can make appropriate and fitting evaluations of others' character, views, etc. For example, using concrete examples to give an appropriate and fitting evaluation of someone's upbringing and manner of speaking.

• Can translate explanations and descriptions of personal information from oral or written materials such as resumes, biographies, or news reports accurately and fluently into Chinese.

II. Exchanging and Discussing Family Situations and Family Concepts

• Can understand (listen to/read) speeches at occasions like weddings and funerals, and comprehend complex information involved when people discuss topics such as family history, family information, family education and traditions, division of family property, divorce, and remarriage in various formal or informal settings, understanding cultural aspects like Chinese family concepts and marriage customs. For example, understanding an informal discussion about the origins and changes in the family relationships of both the groom and bride.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, descriptions and explanations of family history, family education and traditions, and family members' personalities; analyze family circumstances, upbringing, and lineage and their influence on family members; express one's own views on issues like division of family property, divorce, and remarriage. For example, writing a short essay on child support issues in single-parent families.

• Can translate oral or written materials involving family information, such as speeches, letters, or background introductions, accurately and fluently into Chinese.

III. Exchanging and Discussing Community Environment and Community Culture

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions or commentaries on aspects of a community such as housing attributes, public spaces, residential facilities, and community culture. For example, understanding documents related to community regulations.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, descriptions and explanations of a community's housing attributes, public spaces, residential facilities, as well as community organizations, regulations, and other aspects of community culture. For example, analyzing the demographic composition and cultural characteristics of a particular community and expressing one's own views.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to community culture accurately and fluently into Chinese.

IV. Exchanging and Discussing Food Knowledge and Culinary Skills

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions and commentaries on Chinese cuisine and cooking, gaining an in-depth understanding of China's catering industry formats, cooking ingredients, dietary concepts, table manners, etc., and the culinary cultural characteristics they embody. For example, reading and understanding an introduction and analysis of the preparation method and cultural connotations of a classic dish.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, explanations of China's catering industry formats, cooking ingredients, dietary concepts, table manners, etc., and the Chinese cultural characteristics they embody. For example, analyzing the features of a chain hotpot restaurant and discussing potential differences in acceptance of this dining model between Chinese and foreign customers and the reasons thereof.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to food and cooking accurately and fluently into Chinese.

V. Exchanging and Discussing Geographical Knowledge and Travel Experiences

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions, descriptions, and commentaries about a place's natural landscapes and cultural features, related historical and cultural knowledge, travel project plans, and personal experiences, etc. For example, reading a travel post introducing hiking, adventure, and camping.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, descriptions of a place's natural landscapes and cultural features, explanations of related historical and cultural knowledge, accounts of personal travel experiences, and analysis and evaluation of travel modes, activity arrangements, environmental conditions, and service quality. For example, analyzing and evaluating the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of homestays based on personal experience.

• Can translate oral or written materials introducing a place's natural landscapes and cultural features accurately and fluently into Chinese.

VI. Exchanging and Discussing Health and Medical Topics

• Can understand (listen to/read) analyses and commentaries on disease prevention, manifestations and causes of diseases, disease treatment, and medical ethics, etc.; accurately understand doctors' diagnostic opinions and treatment plans for physiological or psychological illnesses; read and comprehend the basic content of popular science articles related to health, medication instructions, etc. For example, reading an article about the symptoms and treatment methods for depression.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, descriptions of manifestations of physiological or psychological illnesses, analysis and commentary on issues like disease prevention, causes, and treatment, and express views on issues like medical ethics. For example, analyzing the impact of different lifestyles and mindsets on health.

• Can translate between doctor and patient, accurately and fluently conveying the patient's description of their condition, the doctor's diagnosis, treatment plan, medication instructions, etc., into Chinese. Can translate popular science materials related to medicine and health accurately and fluently into Chinese.

VII. Exchanging and Discussing Sports and Sportsmanship

• Can understand (listen to/read) detailed reports and commentaries in the sports field, introductory explanations and commentaries about sports, competition rules, etc., and analyses of sportsmanship and sports culture. For example, understanding an introduction to the customs and competition rules of a local folk wrestling match.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, descriptions and explanations of the process and characteristics of a particular sport, and express views on athlete performance, competition outcomes, sports culture, etc. For example, briefly introducing the history of world surfing and explaining the technical essentials of surfing.

• Can translate oral or written materials in the sports field that are not highly specialized accurately and fluently into Chinese.

VIII. Exchanging and Discussing China's National Conditions and Culture

• Can understand (listen to/read) detailed introductions about various important aspects of China's past and present across different regions, specific descriptions of a particular person, thing, or phenomenon, and analyses and commentaries on social and cultural phenomena. For example, reading a short article introducing the architectural features and living customs of an ethnic minority in China.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, in-depth analyses of important Chinese thoughts, figures, things, events, and phenomena from past and present, and express one's own views on the history, current state, and future development of various socio-economic and cultural fields in China. For example, analyzing the modern significance of relevant viewpoints in the Analects of Confucius in the context of contemporary world issues.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to China's national conditions and culture accurately and fluently into Chinese.

IX. Understanding Relevant Regulations and Safeguarding Personal Legal Rights and Interests

• Can understand (listen to/read) various contracts and agreements in daily life, as well as relevant regulations concerning personal safety, property safety, and individual rights and interests, understanding the relevant claims of parties involved in a dispute. For example, comprehensively and accurately understanding the specific content of a house rental contract and its impact on the tenant's interests.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, a well-organized explanation of one's view on liability attribution in a dispute; can negotiate with stakeholders regarding one's own rights and interests in a reasonable and well-grounded manner, fully expressing one's feelings and presenting claims. For example, stating the specific circumstances of an online shopping dispute on a rights protection platform and putting forward relevant claims with reason and evidence.

• Can serve as an oral or written translator for both parties in a dispute, accurately and clearly conveying each side's viewpoints and claims. Can translate oral or written materials required for problem-solving and dispute resolution accurately and fluently into Chinese.

X. Appreciating and Commenting on Literary and Artistic Works

• Can understand (listen to/read) excerpts from Chinese films, TV shows, dramas, and modern/contemporary prose, poetry, novels, and other literary/artistic works, and gain an in-depth understanding of their linguistic artistry and cultural connotations; can understand (listen to/read) popular analyses and commentaries on artistic works and cultural programs. For example, understanding a relatively self-contained dialogue segment between characters in a contemporary Chinese film.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, a relatively in-depth analysis of an excerpt from a literary/artistic work, and explain one's own views in an organized way. For example, explaining the significance of a character description excerpt in a novel for character portrayal in light of the historical background.

• Can translate excerpts from literary/artistic works accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XI. Analyzing and Commenting on Current Affairs News and Media/Publishing Issues

• Can understand (listen to/read) news reports and commentaries in various Chinese media, in-depth reports, interviews, and analytical commentaries on various social topics, as well as analyses and discussions on issues such as the social responsibility of online media, information security, and copyright protection. For example, reading an in-depth commentary on current affairs news.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, an in-depth analysis of a news event, and conduct a thorough analysis of issues like the social responsibility of online media, information security, and copyright protection, presenting one's own views. For example, analyzing negative phenomena such as the spread of rumors and malicious defamation by certain online media.

• Can translate news reports and related commentaries accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XII. Analyzing and Commenting on Economic and Trade Issues

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions, analyses, and commentaries on economic issues such as market trends, economic policies, economic hot topics and development trends, consumption trends, etc. For example, reading documents released by the Chinese government regarding new policies on economic system reform.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, well-organized opinions on related economic issues such as market trends, economic policies, economic hot topics and development trends, and consumption trends. For example, discussing the significance of researching and cultivating hybrid rice based on provided materials.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to economic issues accurately and fluently into Chinese.

  
  

XIII. Analyzing and Commenting on Science and Technology Issues

• Can understand (listen to/read) popular introductions, analyses, and commentaries on science and technology, especially emerging technologies like information technology, cybersecurity, aerospace, and biochemistry. For example, reading an article introducing the development of the big data industry.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, well-organized opinions on the development of science and technology, especially emerging technologies like information technology, cybersecurity, aerospace, and biochemistry. For example, discussing the significance of artificial intelligence for the development of human society, analyzing its impacts on life and work, and weighing its pros and cons.

• Can translate news reports and popular science articles related to science and technology accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XIV. Analyzing and Commenting on International Hot Topics in Human Societal Development

• Can understand (listen to/read) discussions, lectures, and articles on hot topics in human societal development such as world heritage protection, ecological environmental protection, public health incidents, and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. For example, understanding a report (excerpt) on the relationship between globalization and localization.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, well-organized expressions of viewpoints and opinions on hot topics in human societal development such as world heritage protection, ecological environmental protection, public health incidents, and the building of a community with a shared future for mankind. For example, analyzing the issue of poverty eradication and expressing one's own views.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to hot topics in human societal development accurately and fluently into Chinese.

Work and Professional Scenarios：

XV. Understanding and Exchanging Information on Institutional and Industry Development Overviews

• Can understand (listen to/read) detailed introductions about the development overview of an institution or industry, as well as specific processes in production, trade, and management, and understand key professional terminology based on context. For example, understanding an introduction to textile production processes and quality control procedures during a visit.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, an introduction to the overview of an institution or industry. For example, summarizing the current state of China's sharing economy development and providing analysis and commentary on its development trends.

• Can translate oral or written materials introducing institutional/industry development overviews and specific processes in production, trade, and management accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XVI. Conducting Business Cooperation and Transactions

• Can understand (listen to/read) the cooperative intentions of partners or relevant parties, issues arising during cooperation, and the specific conditions and requirements they put forward. For example, understanding a partner's indirect expression of requirements regarding profit sharing and responsibility allocation.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, fluent, and appropriate manner, based on a given topic or material, one's own cooperative intentions clearly and appropriately, and provide detailed, clear, fluent, and appropriate responses to questions from partners or relevant parties, clarifying specific conditions, requirements, and responsibilities of both sides. For example, confirming the methods, timelines, quality guarantees, and risk allocation for goods transportation with a logistics company.

• Can serve as an interpreter during cooperative negotiations; can translate written materials required for cooperative negotiations accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XVII. Understanding Laws and Regulations and Handling Public Relations

• Can understand (listen to/read) documents such as laws and regulations related to institutional operations and daily business, fully grasp their relevance to one's own institution, and understand letters from government management departments and business partners, including their underlying meanings. For example, reading laws and regulations related to cross-border e-commerce and understanding their significance for one's own company's related business.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, the institution's viewpoints and attitudes clearly and fully to external parties. For example, drafting a company statement to seriously clarify a rumor or to issue a stern statement regarding an infringement of rights.

• Can translate notices, requirements, and appeals from management or employees regarding personnel relations, as well as written materials related to personnel relations, accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XVIII. Understanding Human Resources Policies and Handling Personnel Relations

• Can understand (listen to/read) the specific content of materials concerning human resources policies, job responsibilities, performance evaluations, etc., and understand instructions from superiors regarding personnel arrangements and adjustments, as well as appeals from subordinates regarding work conditions. For example, reading a company's employment contract and having a thorough understanding of its key information.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, explanations of human resources policies and regulations, or clearly and appropriately expressing one's own appeals to relevant departments regarding personal personnel relations or career development. For example, writing a further study application, detailing the reasons for the desired study and specific plans.

• Can translate notifications, requirements, and appeals from management or employees regarding personnel relations, as well as written materials related to personnel relations, accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XIX. Clarifying Work Plans and Task Responsibilities

• Can understand (listen to/read) the overall plans and specific work tasks of business projects. For example, understanding a marketing project proposal.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, clear and specific assignment of tasks, or summarizing and reporting work progress. For example, as a project leader, introducing the project activity plan at a kick-off meeting and putting forward specific requirements for task responsibilities.

• Can translate oral or written materials related to work plans and arrangements accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XX. Communicating and Interacting with Service Recipients

• Can understand (listen to/read) the detailed feedback from service recipients regarding products and services, and accurately grasp their true intentions. Can understand clients speaking Mandarin with some regional accent or non-standard expressions, and comprehend various formal and informal letters from clients. For example, understanding a client's doubts about certain details in a travel product introduction and their personalized requests.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on a given topic or material, explanations to service recipients about product features and usage methods, service content, and relevant precautions. For example, detailing the conditions for joining a franchise chain to a client.

• Can translate product descriptions, service plans, agreement texts, etc., that are not highly specialized, accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXI. Conducting Market Research and Analysis

• Can understand (listen to/read) research and analysis on market conditions. For example, reading a research report on the demand for elderly care services in a certain area and reflecting on its conclusions and proposed strategies.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, analysis and explanation of statistical data results, clearly and logically interpreting correlations between data points and the general patterns reflected by the data. For example, analyzing the opera market based on statistics of opera audiences in recent years and making suggestions for a theatre troupe's performance plans and corresponding strategies.

• Can translate materials such as market analysis reports for a specific industry or field accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXII. Understanding and Drafting Various Documents and Texts

• Can understand (listen to/read) various documents and materials related to an institution's business, and grasp the main points of orally presented texts. For example, reading and evaluating or suggesting revisions for draft display board materials and oral commentary prepared for an upcoming agricultural product exhibition.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, orally summarize the main points of relevant documents and texts, and draft various documents and texts. For example, writing meeting minutes based on detailed records of a company board of directors meeting.

• Can translate various company documents and texts accurately and fluently into Chinese.

Education and Academic Scenarios：

XXIII. Understanding and Discussing Various School Systems and Regulations

• Can understand (listen to/read) various school management systems, such as student status management systems, course enrollment plans, reward and punishment regulations, etc., fully and accurately understanding relevant detailed provisions. For example, reading a Chinese university's regulations regarding the conditions and procedures for foreigners applying for doctoral degree programs.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, explanations of a school's management systems. For example, as a jointly trained doctoral student, explaining in detail to the student status management department of a Chinese university the background and meaning of a relevant letter from the student status management department of the foreign university.

• Can translate regulations concerning educational systems, student status management, etc., accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXIV. Conducting and Completing General Education and Foundational Professional Course Studies

• Can understand (listen to/read) classroom lectures and related presentations in general education and foundational professional courses, and can quickly read and accurately understand relevant content in teaching materials and reading literature. For example, listening to a lecture (excerpt) on the history of aerospace technology development, grasping its main points and overall structure, accurately recording key content, and raising one's own questions and views.

  Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, delivering speeches in class or group discussions on content from general education and foundational professional courses, and writing notes, reading reports, and research reviews. For example, giving a classroom presentation on how to understand "postmodernism" after reading related materials.

• Can translate oral or written materials on general topics in the humanities and social sciences accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXV. Acquiring and Utilizing Learning Resources

• Can understand (listen to/read) explanations about learning resources and their acquisition methods. For example, understanding an explanation of how algorithms of different search engines affect search results in order to perform precise searches.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, contacting others to effectively acquire learning resources, and explaining in detail the access methods and effectiveness of learning resources. For example, contacting a scholar or institution via email to request access to a specific database, stating the purpose of use, and providing feedback on its effectiveness during subsequent use.

• Can translate information about learning resources accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXVI. Understanding Experimental Requirements and Regulations and Completing Experiment Reports

• Can understand (listen to/read) specific requirements, step-by-step instructions, safety precautions, and usage norms for materials and equipment related to experiments in foundational professional courses. For example, reading regulations on the storage and use of flammable and explosive materials in a laboratory.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, summarizing and reporting experiment results. For example, writing an experiment report based on records of the experiment process and results.

• Can translate materials needed for experiments accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXVII. Conducting Academic Research Activities

• Can understand (listen to/read) various academic reports and literature with a certain degree of specialization, summarize their core arguments, identify potential linguistic issues and logical flaws in articles, and provide some evaluation of their content and viewpoints. For example, reading a research paper on copyright ownership of AI-generated works, accurately grasping its core arguments and evidence, and identifying shortcomings in its reasoning.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, designing research, organizing materials, analyzing data, and developing arguments according to conventional Chinese thesis writing norms; writing various sections such as the abstract, background, literature review, and conclusion with appropriate style, clear logic, coherence, and explicit viewpoints; and explaining and defending against related queries, demonstrating good academic integrity. For example, surrounding the theme of "university students' environmental awareness and behavior," explaining and conducting comparative analysis of multiple data points obtained from a questionnaire survey, or providing a summary description and analysis of materials acquired from in-depth interviews.

• Can translate excerpts from various academic papers with a certain degree of specialization accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXVIII. Participating in Academic Exchanges and Discussions

• Can understand (listen to/read) introductions of different academic viewpoints and research findings during academic exchange activities, infer the meanings of certain specialized terms based on context, grasp core issues and key details, and participate in discussions. For example, listening to and understanding descriptions and analyses of low-carbon lifestyle cases by participants at an academic seminar, and discussing specific details of the cases with them.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, communicating and discussing with others on various general topics and foundational topics in humanities and social science professional fields. For example, presenting one's own viewpoint and reasoning regarding different interpretations of Confucius' concept of "education for all without discrimination" at an academic seminar.

• Can translate information from academic seminars and other academic exchanges accurately and fluently into Chinese. Can translate the main points of speeches and related materials from the academic exchange process accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXIX. Understanding Professional Internship Requirements and Regulations and Completing Internship Reports

• Can understand (listen to/read) specific requirements, work arrangements, and management regulations for professional internships. For example, reading regulations on the usage methods and precautions for medical equipment during clinical internships.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, summarizing and reporting internship outcomes. For example, writing an internship summary based on materials concerning the internship content, evaluation documents, and related achievements.

• Can translate materials involved in the internship accurately and fluently into Chinese.

XXX. Participating in Student Club Activities and Social Practice Activities

• Can understand (listen to/read) complex information regarding student clubs, social practice activities, etc. For example, reading university regulations concerning the conditions and application procedures for establishing a student club.

• Can express (orally/in writing) in a detailed, clear, and fluent manner, based on given themes or materials, reporting on student club activities, social practice plans, processes, and outcomes, and delivering formal speeches or presentations on relevant occasions. For example, as the head of a student delegation, delivering a fluent, appropriate, and insightful speech during a formal visit to a Chinese university or other institution.

• Can serve as an interpreter on formal occasions; can translate materials related to student club activities and social practice activities accurately and fluently into Chinese.

HSK（七—九级）话题

一级话题	二级话题	三级话题
个体与社会	人际交往	人际关系
		中国人际交往中的品行观念和评价
	形象服饰	不同文化和场合符合礼仪的形象
		服饰搭配与风格
		中式服装特点与审美
	饮食餐饮	具有代表性的中国饮食观念、烹饪方法
		多样化的地域饮食特色
		各种餐饮形态的特点和代表品种
		中国餐桌文化及含义
	建筑与社区	建筑与社区文化
		社区空间、设施的规划与建设
		建筑功能设计与建设
		房屋买卖与租赁
	休闲娱乐	旅游度假
		运动健身
		文化娱乐
		购物休闲
	学业职业	专业学习
		学业发展与生涯规划
		职业发展
	人口与发展	人口流动与管理
		老龄化
		人口发展
	教育发展	教育政策
		高等教育体制

一级话题	二级话题	三级话题
国家与社会		教育高质量发展
	媒介与传播	正式表达与非正式表达
		媒介与信息传播
		数字媒介素养
		知识共享与版权保护
	健康与医疗	疾病诊疗与公共卫生
		心理健康与心理治疗
		医学技术创新与伦理
		中医和西医
	交通与运输	交通运输系统建设和影响
		各种运输方式的特点和发展趋势
		城市交通系统规划与发展
	经济与生产	宏观经济
		产业发展
		农、林、牧、渔业生产
		工业生产
		金融服务贸易
		企业运营
	法制与治安	法制建设
		治安管理
	社会公共管理	社会保障
		劳动就业
		公共基础设施建设
		社会公共组织
		社会基层治理
		中国传统文化意象及在不同文学艺术形式中的表现

一级话题	二级话题	三级话题
文化与传统	文学艺术	不同文学形式的特点和作品欣赏
		不同艺术形式的特点和作品欣赏
	历史	中国历史发展基本脉络
		中国重大历史事件和历史人物
	哲学思想	儒家主要思想、代表人物和影响
		道家主要思想、代表人物和影响
	习俗礼俗	农历岁时节令习俗
		节庆习俗
		婚嫁习俗
		生日习俗
		丧葬习俗
	文化遗产	中国重要的人类物质文化遗产及影响
		中国重要的人类非物质文化遗产及影响
		文化遗产保护、传承与发扬
自然与环境	宇宙环境	宇宙的起源与演化
		宇宙的结构与物质
		人类的太空探索与发现
	地质环境	地球构造
		地形、地势、地貌特点
		地形、地势对经济、人文活动的影响
		矿产资源
	大气环境	不同气候类型
		气候变化
		大气监测
	水环境	水资源分布和利用
		水生态保护与可持续发展

一级话题	二级话题	三级话题
	土地环境	土地资源分布和利用
		土地资源保护与可持续发展
	生物环境	生物资源分布特点和利用
		生物资源保护与可持续发展
科学技术	信息科学技术	计算机科学
		网络通信技术
		大数据与数据分析
		人工智能与机器学习
	航空航天科学技术	航天航空科技
		航空航天技术应用
	生物科学技术	生物科技与农业
		生物科技与环保
		生物科技与医疗
	其他新兴科学技术	先进材料与制造
		可再生能源技术
5个	29个	92个

HSK（七—九级）任务

本大纲将语言应用场景分为三大类：生活和社交场景、工作和职业场景、教育和学术场景，以此为基本框架进行任务描述。每个场景下按任务内容分为若干小类，每类任务分别从理解、表达、翻译三个维度采用“能做”形式进行描述。理解类任务在考试中呈现为听力理解题和阅读理解题，表达类任务呈现为口语题和写作题。从考试的可操作性考虑，本大纲不对交互类任务做独立描述，此类任务其实在表达类任务描述中已有体现，在部分理解类任务中也有所涉及。大纲中所有任务均着眼于通用性场景，避免过于专业性的内容，并注意体现与 HSK（高等）话题大纲、词汇大纲和语法大纲的内在关联性。

本大纲研制中参考了《国际中文教育中文水平等级标准》《国际中文教育用中国文化和国情教学参考框架》《国际中文教学通用课程大纲》《高等学校国际学生中文教学大纲》（注：该大纲尚未发布）等标准，以及相关研究文献、中文教材等。

生活和社交场景：

一、交流和讨论个人信息和生活观念

• 能听懂、读懂关于个人学习、工作和生活经历及未来规划，以及关于性格爱好、人际关系、时尚意识、审美倾向、价值观等方面的介绍或评论。如看懂一段内容比较复杂的社交来信，并能据此判断对方的社会背景信息和隐含的来信目的。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地介绍个人学习、工作和生活经历及未来规划，以及性格爱好、人际关系、时尚意识、审美倾向、价值观等，得体地表达自己的情感和态度倾向；能恰当、得体地对他人的品行、观念等作出评价。如结合具体事例对某人的教养与谈吐进行恰当、得体的评价。

• 能将个人简历、人物传记、新闻报道等口头或书面材料中的个人信息说明和描述准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二、交流和讨论家庭情况和家庭观念

• 能听懂、读懂在婚丧仪式等场合的致辞，理解各类正式或非正式场合下人们谈论家族历史、家庭信息、家教家风、家庭财产分割、离婚再婚等话题时涉及的复杂信息，理解中国人的家族观念、婚嫁习俗等文化。如听懂一段关于新郎和新娘双方家族关系渊源及变迁的非正式谈论。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地描述和说明家族历史、家教家风、家庭成员个性，分析家境、家教、家世等家庭环境及其对家庭成员的影响，就家庭财产分割、离婚再婚等问题发表自己的看法。如写一篇关于单亲家庭子女抚养问题的短文。

• 能将涉及家庭信息的发言、信函、背景情况介绍等口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

三、交流和讨论社区环境和社区文化

• 能听懂、读懂对社区的房屋属性、公共空间、住宅设施、社区文化等方面的介绍或评论。如看懂有关社区制度等方面的文件。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或者书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地描述和说明社区的房屋属性、公共空间、住宅设施，以及社区组织、社区制度等社区文化。如分析某一社区的人群构成和文化特征，并发表自己的看法。

• 能将有关社区文化的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

四、交流和讨论饮食知识和烹饪技艺

• 能听懂、读懂关于中国饮食烹饪的介绍和评论，深入理解中国的餐饮业态、烹饪食材、饮食观念、餐桌礼仪等，以及其中所蕴含的饮食文化特色。如能看懂关于某经典菜肴的制作方法及文化内涵的介绍和分析。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地说明中国的餐饮业态、烹饪食材、饮食观念、餐桌礼仪等，以及其中所蕴含的中国文化特色。如对某连锁火锅餐厅的特色进行分析，并讨论中外顾客对此餐饮模式可能存在的接受度差异及其原因。

• 能将有关饮食烹饪的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

五、交流和讨论地理知识和旅游体验

• 能听懂、读懂关于某地自然景观和人文特色、相关历史文化知识、旅游项目计划及个人体验等的介绍、描述和评论。如读懂一篇介绍徒步探险露营的旅游帖子。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地描述某地自然景观和人文特色，说明相关历史文化知识，陈述旅游中的个人体验，对旅游模式、活动安排、环境条件和服务质量等进行分析和评价。如结合自身体验对民宿的特色以及优势和劣势等进行分析和评价。

• 能将介绍某地自然景观和人文特色的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

六、交流和讨论健康和医疗话题

• 能听懂关于疾病预防、疾病表现与成因、疾病治疗，以及医学伦理等方面的分析和评论，能准确理解医生对生理或心理性疾病的诊断意见和诊疗方案，能读懂与健康相关的科普性文章、药品说明书的基本内容等。如看懂一篇关于抑郁症症状及诊疗办法的文章。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地叙述生理或心理性疾病表现，分析和评论疾病预防、疾病成因、疾病治疗等问题，发表对医学伦理等问题的看法。如分析不同生活方式和心态等因素对健康的影响。

• 能担任医生和病人之间的翻译，将病人的病情陈述、医生的诊断说明、治疗方案、药品服用说明等准确、流畅地译成中文。能将有关医疗和健康方面的科普性资料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

七、交流和讨论体育运动和体育精神

• 能听懂、读懂体育领域的详细报道和评论、关于体育运动、赛事规则等的介绍说明和评论以及关于体育精神和体育文化的分析。如看懂一段当地民间摔跤比赛的习俗和赛事规则介绍。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地描述、说明某个体育运动的过程和特点，对运动员表现、赛事结果、体育文化等发表观点。如能简单介绍世界冲浪运动的发展历史并说明冲浪运动的技术要领。

• 能将体育领域专业性不强的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

八、交流和讨论中国国情与文化

• 能听懂、读懂有关中国古今各地区各重要领域相关情况的详细介绍，对某一人物、事物或现象的具体描述，对社会文化现象的分析和评论。如阅读一篇介绍中国某少数民族建筑特色和生活习俗的短文。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式对中国古今重要思想、人物、事物、事件、现象等进行有深度的分析，能就中国社会经济和文化各领域的历史、现状及未来发展发表自己的观点。如结合当代世界性问题分析《论语》中有关观点的现代意义。

• 能将有关中国国情与文化的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

九、理解相关法规和维护个人合法权益

• 能听懂、读懂生活中各类合同、协议，以及关于人身安全、财产安全、个人权益等方面的相关法规，理解产生纠纷各方的相关诉求。如能全面、准确理解房屋租赁合同中的具体内容以及对租户利益的影响。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式有条理地说明关于某个纠纷中责任归属的看法，能有理有据地就自身权益与利益相关方进行交涉，充分表达自身感受，提出权益诉求。如在维权平台上陈述网购纠纷的具体情况，有理有据地提出相关诉求。

• 能为纠纷双方担任口头或书面翻译，准确、清楚地传达双方的观点和诉求。能将解决问题和处理纠纷中所需的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十、欣赏和评论文艺作品

• 能听懂、读懂中文影视、戏剧以及现当代散文、诗歌、小说等文艺作品中的片段，并深入理解其语言艺术和文化内涵，能听懂、看懂对艺术作品、文艺节目等的通俗性分析和评论。如能听懂中国当代电影中具有相对独立性的人物对话片段。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式比较深入地分析某部文艺作品的片段，有条理地阐释自己的观点。如结合时代背景阐释某部小说中的人物描写片段对于人物形象塑造的意义。

• 能将文艺作品片段准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十一、分析和评论时事新闻和传媒出版问题

• 能听懂、读懂各类中文媒体上的新闻报道和评论、关于各类社会性话题的深度报道、访谈和分析评论，能听懂、看懂关于网络媒体的社会责任、信息安全、版权保护等问题的分析和讨论。如读懂一篇有深度的时事新闻评论。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式对某新闻事件进行深入分析，对网络媒体的社会责任、信息安全、版权保护等问题进行深入分析并提出自己的看法。如对个别网络传媒传播谣言、恶意诽谤等负面现象进行分析。

• 能将新闻报道和相关评论准确、流畅地译成中文。

十二、分析和评论经贸问题

• 能听懂、读懂关于市场动态、经济政策、经济热点和发展趋势、消费热点和发展趋势等相关经济问题的介绍、分析和评论。如看懂中国政府发布的有关经济体制改革新政策的文件。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式对市场动态、经济政策、经济热点和发展趋势、消费热点和发展趋势等相关经济问题有条理地发表自己的看法。如根据所给材料对研究和种植杂交水稻的意义展开讨论。

• 能将有关经济问题的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十三、分析和评论科技问题

• 能听懂、读懂对科学技术，尤其是信息技术、网络安全、航空航天、生物化学等新兴技术的通俗性介绍、分析和评论。如读懂一篇介绍大数据产业发展情况的文章。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式对科学技术，尤其是信息技术、网络安全、航空航天、生物化学等新兴技术的发展有条理地发表自己的看法。如谈谈人工智能对人类社会发展的意义，分析其对生活与工作等带来的影响及其利弊。

• 能将有关科学技术的新闻报道和科普文章准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十四、分析和评论人类社会发展中的国际性热点问题

• 能听懂、读懂世界遗产保护、生态环境保护、公共卫生事件、人类命运共同体建设等人类社会发展热点问题的讨论、讲座和文章。如听懂关于全球化和本土化关系问题的报告（片段）。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式有条理地表述对于世界遗产保护、生态环境保护、公共卫生事件、人类命运共同体建设等人类社会发展热点问题的观点和看法。如对消除贫困问题进行分析并发表自己的看法。

• 能将有关人类社会发展热点问题的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

工作和职业场景：

十五、了解和交流机构和行业发展概况

• 能听懂、读懂关于某机构、某行业发展概况，以及生产、贸易和管理方面具体流程的详细介绍，能基于上下文理解其中的关键性专业术语。如在参观过程中听懂关于纺织品制作流程和质量监控程序的介绍。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地介绍某机构、某行业的概况。如概括介绍中国共享经济的发展现状并对发展趋势进行分析和评论。

• 能将介绍机构、行业发展概况及生产、贸易和管理方面具体流程的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十六、开展业务合作和业务往来

• 能听懂、读懂合作方或业务相关方的合作意愿、合作中的问题及提出的具体条件和要求。如听懂对方委婉表达的有关利益分成和责任分担的要求。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式清楚、得体地表达合作意愿，详细、清楚、流畅、得体地回复合作方或业务相关方的问题，明确具体条件、要求和双方责任等。如与物流公司就有关货物运输的方式、期限、质量保证和风险承担方式进行确认。

• 能在合作洽谈中担任口译，能将合作洽谈所需的书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十七、了解法律法规和处理公共关系

• 能听懂、读懂与机构运营和日常业务相关的法律法规等文件，并充分理解与本机构的相关性，读懂政府管理部门和业务合作机构的来函，并理解其深层含义。如读懂有关跨境电商方面的法律法规，并理解对本企业相关业务的意义。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式明确、充分地向外界表达本机构的观点和态度。如起草一份公司声明，对某个谣言做出严肃澄清，或对某个侵权行为做出严正声明。

  
  

十八、了解人力资源政策和处理人事关系

• 能听懂、读懂有关人力资源政策、岗位职责、绩效考核等方面材料的具体内容，理解上级领导关于人事安排和调整的指示、下级员工关于工作待遇的诉求等。如读懂公司的聘任合同，并对合同中的关键信息有透彻的理解。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地说明人力资源政策和规定，或就个人人事关系、职业发展等问题清楚、得体地向主管部门表达自己的诉求。如撰写一份进修申请书，详细说明希望进修的理由和具体计划。

• 能将管理人员或员工有关人事关系的通知、要求、诉求，有关人事关系的书面材料等准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

十九、明确工作计划和任务职责

• 能听懂、看懂业务项目的总体计划和具体工作任务。如看懂某个营销项目的策划书。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式明确、具体地布置工作，或总结、汇报工作进展。如在某个项目的启动会议上作为负责人做项目活动计划的介绍，并对任务职责提出具体要求。

• 能将工作计划和安排的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十、与服务对象进行沟通和交流

• 能听懂、看懂服务对象对产品和服务的详细反馈意见，并准确把握对方的真实意图。能听懂客户带有一定方音、表达不太规范的普通话，看懂客户各类正式和非正式的来函。如理解客户关于旅游产品介绍中某些细节问题的疑虑以及提出的个性化需求。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式向服务对象详细、清楚、流畅地说明产品特点与使用方法、服务内容、相关注意事项等。如向客户详细介绍加盟某连锁店的条件。

• 能将专业性不太强的产品说明、服务计划、协议文本等准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十一、开展市场调研和分析

• 能听懂、读懂关于市场情况的调研分析。如看懂某地养老服务需求的调研报告，并就报告结论和应对策略做出思考。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式对数据统计结果进行分析和说明，清晰而有逻辑地阐释数据之间的相关性及数据反映的总体规律。如基于近年来歌剧观众的统计数据对歌剧市场进行分析，对剧团演出计划和相应策略提出建议。

• 能将某一行业领域的市场分析报告等材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十二、理解和起草各类文件和文案

• 能读懂与机构业务相关的各类文件材料，听懂口头表述的文稿要点。如读懂为即将举办的农产品展览会草拟的展板材料和口头解说词，并作出评价或提出修改建议。

• 能根据给定主题或材料口头概括有关文件和文案要点，起草各类文件和文案。如根据公司董事会会议的详细记录撰写一份会议纪要。

• 能将公司各类文件和文案准确、流畅地译成中文。

教育和学术场景：

二十三、了解和讨论学校各类制度

• 能听懂、读懂学校的各类管理制度，如学籍管理制度、课程修读方案、奖惩条例等，充分、准确理解相关细节规定。如读懂中国某大学关于外国人申请攻读博士学位相关条件和程序的规定。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地说明学校的管理制度。如作为中外联合培养的博士生，向中方大学学籍管理部门详细解释外方大学学籍管理部门相关来函的背景和含义。

• 能将有关教育制度、学籍管理等方面的规定准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十四、开展和完成通识性课程及基础性专业课程学习

• 能听懂通识性课程及基础性专业课程的课堂讲授及相关讲座等，能快速阅读并准确理解教学材料和阅读文献中的相关内容。如听懂关于航空航天技术发展历史的讲座（片段），把握讲座要点和整体结构，准确记录关键内容，并提出自己的问题和看法。

• 能根据给定主题或材料就通识性课程及基础性专业课程中的相关内容在课堂或小组讨论中发言，撰写札记、读书报告、研究综述等。如在阅读相关资料的基础上就如何理解“后现代主义”做课堂发言。

• 能将有关人文社科领域通识性话题的口头或书面材料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十五、获取和利用学习资源

• 能听懂、读懂有关学习资源及其获取途径和方式等的说明。如理解关于不同搜索引擎的算法如何影响搜索结果的说明，以实现精准搜索。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式与他人联系以有效获取学习资源，能详细、清楚、流畅地说明学习资源的获取途径、使用效果等，如通过邮件联系某学者或机构，请求获取某个数据库的使用权限并说明使用目的，在后续使用过程中反馈使用效果。

• 能将有关学习资源的信息准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十六、了解实验要求和规定并完成实验报告

• 能听懂、读懂基础性专业课程相关实验的具体要求、步骤说明、安全须知，以及物品和器械使用规范等。如读懂关于实验室中存放和使用易燃易爆物品的管理规定。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式总结并报告实验结果。如根据实验过程和结果的记录撰写一份实验报告。

• 能将实验中需要的资料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十七、开展学术研究活动

• 能听懂、读懂各类具有一定专业性的学术报告和学术文献，概括其核心观点，并能发现文章中可能存在的语言问题和逻辑缺陷，对其内容和观点做出一定的评析。如读懂一篇关于人工智能创作物著作权归属问题的研究论文，准确把握其核心观点和论据，并发现其论证上的不足之处。

• 能根据给定主题或材料进行研究设计，按照通行的中文论文写作范式组织材料，分析数据，展开论述，撰写论文提要、背景说明、文献综述、论文结语等各个部分，语体得当，逻辑清晰，连贯流畅，观点明确，并能针对相关质疑做出解释和进行答辩，体现出良好的学术素养。如围绕“大学生环保意识和行为”这一主题，对问卷调查中取得的多项数据进行说明及对比分析，或对深度访谈中获得的材料进行概括描述和分析。

• 能将各类具有一定专业性的学术论文片段准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十八、参与学术交流和讨论

• 能在学术交流活动中听懂、看懂不同学术观点和研究成果的介绍，根据语境推测其中某些专业术语的涵义，抓住核心问题和关键性细节并参与讨论。如在学术研讨会上听懂与会者关于低碳生活案例的描述和分析，并就案例中的细节问题与对方讨论。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式就各类通识性话题和人文社科专业领域基础性话题与他人进行交流和讨论。如在学术研讨会上针对关于孔子“有教无类”观的不同解读发表自己的观点并阐释理由。

• 能将学术研讨会等有关学术交流信息准确、流畅地译成中文。能将学术交流过程中的发言要点和相关资料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

二十九、了解专业实习要求和规定并完成实习报告

• 能听懂、读懂专业实习的具体要求、工作安排和管理规定等。如读懂关于临床实习中的医疗器械使用方法和注意事项的规定。

• 能根据给定主题或材料以口头或书面形式总结并汇报实习成果。如基于有关实习内容、鉴定材料、相关成果等资料，撰写一份实习总结。

• 能将实习中涉及的资料准确、流畅地译成中文。

  
  

三十、参与学生社团活动和社会实践活动

• 能听懂、读懂有关学生社团、社会实践等方面的复杂信息。如看懂学校关于申请组建学生社团的相关条件和申请程序的规定。

• 能根据给定主题或材料，以口头或书面形式详细、清楚、流畅地报告学生社团活动、社会实践计划、实践过程和成果，在相关场合做正式发言或演讲等。如以学生代表团负责人身份在正式访问中国某大学或其他机构时发表流畅、得体、有深度的演讲。

• 能在正式场合担任口译，能将学生社团活动及社会实践等相关资料准确、流畅地译成中文。

HSK（七—九级）语法

类别	类别名称	细目	语法内容
语素	类前缀		后—、亲—
	类后缀		—观、—鬼、—界、—然、—坛、—为、—制
词类	动词		巴不得、并非、除外、犯不着、犯得着、恨不得、可否、可谓、免不了、所谓、有所、予以
	代词	人称代词	我
		指示代词	彼、这么着、兹
		疑问代词	何、怎么着
		数量代词	若干
	量词	名量词	重、截、缕、码、枚、摊、丸、则、幢、宗
		动量词	通
		复合量词	人次
	副词	程度副词	大为、分外、何等、极度、极力、略、略微、颇、稍稍、万分、微、尤为、愈加、越发
		范围副词	大体、概、皆、尽、均、通通、统统、唯、唯独、唯有、无非、一概
		时间副词	姑且、即、即时、届时、尽早、就此、历来、尚、随即、向来、一经、暂且、早日
		频率副词	连连、屡次、屡屡、频、时而、时时、相继、一个劲（儿）、一连、再度
		方式副词	按理、按说、百般、不由得、趁机、趁早、大肆、断然、公然、火速、截然、竭力、尽情、就近、刻意、拼命、强行、任意、日趋、如 期、擅自、私自、特此、瞎、一并、一举、一手、毅然、有意、照常、照例、照样、 执意、骤然、逐一、专程
		否定副词	不见得、绝不、无从、无须、无可、勿
		语气副词	必定、必将、不妨、不免、反倒、非得、分明、怪不得、果真、好在、何必、竟、愣、 莫非、难怪、宁可、宁愿、碰巧、偏偏、恰巧、切、情愿、势必、索性、万万、未免、务必、幸好、幸亏、终究、何不、何尝、何苦
		判断副词	乃
	介词	引出时间、处所	打
		引出对象	当着、就6
		引出凭借、依据	本着、基于、鉴于1、经、依
	连词	连接分句或句子	鉴于2、况且、免得、若、倘若、以防
		连接词或词组以及分句或句子	加之、乃至、且
	助词	语气助词	罢了、也罢、矣

类别	类别名称	细目	语法内容
短语	固定短语	四字格	爱A不A
			半A半B
			不A不B
			不A而B
			东A西B
			非A非B
			忽A忽B
			或A或B
			可A可B
			连A带B
			七A八B
			时A时B
			无A不B
			无A可B
			自A自B
		其他 （话语标记）	不瞒你说
			不是
			不是我说你
			反过来（说）
			概括来说
			归根到底
			话是这么说
			话（又）说回来
			换句话说
			简（而）言之
			可不（是嘛）
			老实说
			（你）还别说
			你看你
			说到哪儿去了
			说真的
			退一步说
			无论如何
			要（让）我说
			这不
			这样一来

类别	类别名称	细目	语法内容
			真是的
			综上所述
			总的来说
			总而言之
固定格式			X到这个地步/份上
			X得要命/要死
			X都不/没X
			X就X个Y
			X了Y，Y了X
			X也好，Y也罢
			别提（有）多+形容词+了
			不亚于……
			不知X是/才好
			动不动就……
			动词+得个……
			动词+个X
			该X（就）X，该Y（就）Y
			何至于……
			仅次于X
			看在X的面子上
			没什么+动词+头儿
			没什么好+动词+的
			莫过于……
			你说你一个X，……
			什么A的B的
			视……而定
			谈何……
			无非/不过/只是……罢了/而已
			想X之所想，急X之所急
			向……致以……
			要X有/没X，要Y有/没Y
			因……而……
			有何X
			有什么+动词+头儿
			（在）……之余
			值此……之际，……

类别	类别名称	细目	语法内容
句子的类型	特殊句型	比较句5	A+形容词+于/过+B
	简单复句	并列复句	一来……，二来……，三来……
			一则……，二则……，三则……
		解说复句	所谓……，就是……
		选择复句	或……，或……
			宁可/宁愿……，也不……
			与其……，宁愿/宁可……
		转折复句	X（倒）是X（了），……
			别看……，……
			虽说……，但/可……
		条件复句	无论……与否，都……
			凡……（者），均（可）……
		假设复句	假若/假使……，……
			幸亏/幸好……，不然/否则……
			纵然/纵使……，也……
		因果复句	（因）……，故……
			……，以至（于）……
		递进复句	别说……，都/也……
			……不说，还……
			连……都……，更不用说……了
			……尚且……，（更）何况……
			……，更不用说……了
		目的复句	为（了）……起见，……
			……，以……
		紧缩复句	非得……才……
			任……也……
	多重复句		多重并列复句
			多重转折复句
			多重假设复句
			多重因果复句
			多重递进复句
语段（句群）			时间顺序
			空间顺序
			逻辑顺序
			话题延伸
			话题转换
			承前省略
			蒙后省略